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統(tǒng)萬城--匈奴王朝最后消失的背影

阿芳

<h3>王芳圖文</h3> <p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;深秋時節(jié),當(dāng)我們到達位于陜西靖邊與內(nèi)蒙古烏審旗交界之處的統(tǒng)萬城遺址時,太陽已經(jīng)快要落山了,我們一行是最后的一批游客,一路上我們著急耽擱了時間,唯恐來得有些晚,當(dāng)?shù)竭_遺址時,一座白色的城池廢墟在余暉的照射下突然出現(xiàn)在眼前時,那種震撼馬上消除了擔(dān)心,反而慶幸在日落時分走進一個消失了的歷史王朝比任何時候更適合憑吊了。夕陽下的統(tǒng)萬城透過悲涼、滄桑能感受到曾經(jīng)的雄渾、巍峨、靜穆。</p> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">406</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,大夏國開國皇帝匈奴冒頓單于的后代,</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">17</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">歲的赫連勃勃殺死自己的岳父寧夏固原一帶鎮(zhèn)守莫弈于后率領(lǐng)軍隊北上,來到統(tǒng)萬城一帶,發(fā)現(xiàn)了這里水草豐美,感嘆到:“美哉斯阜,行廣澤而帶清流,吾行地多矣,末見若斯之美?!庇⒖∧晟俚暮者B勃勃同時也極具軍事戰(zhàn)略眼光,以鄂爾多斯草原為根據(jù)地建立了大夏國。據(jù)《魏書·鐵弗劉虎傳》、《晉書·赫連勃勃載記》等史料記載,公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">413</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年赫連勃勃聚十萬人多民工于朔方水北,黑水之南營建都城,名為“統(tǒng)萬”。赫連勃勃自言:“朕方統(tǒng)一天下,君臨萬邦,可以統(tǒng)萬為名?!?lt;/span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;"></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">據(jù)史料記載,統(tǒng)萬城建設(shè)歷時長達六年之久,建筑上采用三合一“蒸土筑城”法,即把白石灰、白粘土以糯米湯加以攪拌,蒸熟后進行注灌,類似于今天的澆注法,城墻堅固可抵御斧砍刀劈。傳說叱干阿利大監(jiān)工極其嚴(yán)格殘酷,每筑一段城墻命人以鐵錐檢驗工程質(zhì)量,凡錐入一寸者,便立刻將工匠殺死,拆除重建,將工匠尸體砌于墻內(nèi)。早在秦朝時,秦始皇在鄂爾多斯修?了一條秦直道,也叫白道,用的也是白水泥加米湯的鋪設(shè)方式,秦直道今天依然堅硬。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">統(tǒng)萬城建成后,曾由秘書監(jiān)胡義周執(zhí)筆作贊文一篇,贊文中說建好的統(tǒng)萬城是“高隅隱日,崇墉際云,石郭天池,周綿千里”,城里則是“華林靈沼,重臺秘室,通房連閣,馳道苑園”。當(dāng)時的統(tǒng)萬城無論在規(guī)模、布局及建造方法等方面,都體現(xiàn)出在地理位置及戰(zhàn)略地位上的重要性??梢韵胂竦皆谒闹芴焐n蒼野茫茫廣袤的鄂爾多斯草原上,在藍天白云的映襯下一座拔地而起的白色城池巍峨、堅固是多么的醒目、威嚴(yán)有氣勢呀。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">27</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">歲的赫連勃勃在統(tǒng)萬城自稱天王大單于,建立大夏國。</span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">統(tǒng)萬城城垣有東西南北四門,東門名招魏,西門名服涼,南門名朝宋,北門名平朔。城墻高</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">10</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">仞有余,城基厚</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">20</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">多步,城墻上寬</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">10</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">步,東西長倍于南北,周長約</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">18</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">里。四個門有高大的門樓,有內(nèi)城外城,城內(nèi)建有皇城,建有亭臺樓閣,雕梁畫棟,富麗堂皇?!稌x書》載《統(tǒng)萬城銘》:“崇臺霄峙,秀闕云亭,千榭連隅,萬閣接屏</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">……</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">溫室嵯峨,層城參差,楹凋雕獸,節(jié)鏤龍螭?,撘詫氳保椧哉淦?lt;/span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">……</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">”《北史》也有記載:“城高十仞,基厚三十步,上廣十步,宮城五仞,其堅可以礪刀斧。臺榭高大,飛閣相連,皆雕鏤圖畫,被以綺繡,飾以丹青,窮極文采?!笨上氘?dāng)年白色的城墻雕梁畫棟的角樓在一片綠色草原上是多么的突顯和高大宏偉。</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">&nbsp;</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">而今</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">1600</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年前曾經(jīng)堅不可摧的城成了殘恒斷墻,皇城中心樓座成了夕陽下歸巢的鳥窩,城中沒有留下任何生活的印記,天邊是夕陽西下前燃燒著的最后輝煌,周邊是深秋即將飄零的金黃色的楊樹,城內(nèi)是蒿草萋萋,非常的寧靜,甚至聽不見塞外的風(fēng)聲,走在城墻上我分明又聽見了一種強烈的聲音,那些被壓在城墻中的生命仿佛在哭訴,仿佛還有金戈鐵馬</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;"></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">氣吞萬里如虎的景象,撕開了歷史的傷口。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">416</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,赫連勃勃東晉破后秦之機揮師南下攻取長安,公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">417</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">27</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">歲的赫連勃勃在統(tǒng)萬城自稱天王大單于,建立大夏國。</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">418</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,在長安稱帝,改元昌武。他留下太子鎮(zhèn)守南都西安,自己回師統(tǒng)萬城,大夏國以統(tǒng)一萬城為都,占據(jù)了陜北、關(guān)中、甘肅、內(nèi)蒙古的鄂爾多斯高原、河套平原,雄霸北方。公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">425</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,赫連勃勃病死在統(tǒng)萬城。公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">427</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,北魏軍攻破統(tǒng)萬城,從城中擄獲馬匹</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">30</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">萬之多,可見大夏國之富庶。北魏太武皇帝拓跋燾生活也十分節(jié)儉,討厭奢華。在進入統(tǒng)萬城之后,見夏國皇宮富麗堂皇,大發(fā)感慨:“豎子之國,竟敢如此濫用民力!怎能不滅亡!”北魏太武帝拓跋燾在此,置統(tǒng)萬鎮(zhèn)。公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">431</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年,大夏首領(lǐng)赫連定被吐谷渾部族俘虜,夏滅亡。赫連勃勃創(chuàng)建的夏只傳三世二十余年,一代名城隨夏滅亡而徹底衰敗。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">統(tǒng)萬城由于地處邊塞與內(nèi)地交接之處在長時間內(nèi)是北方的重鎮(zhèn)之一。此后北魏、西魏、東魏和隋唐曾在這里置鎮(zhèn)、州、郡。是扼守草原絲綢之路的東西交通要道之一。北宋初,黨項人李繼遷占據(jù)統(tǒng)萬城稱西夏。宋淳化五年(公元</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">994</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">年),因西夏軍隊常以統(tǒng)萬城為依托侵?jǐn)_北宋,宋太宗下令毀掉統(tǒng)萬城,遷走城內(nèi)居民。統(tǒng)萬城徹底廢棄,經(jīng)過千年的沙塵侵蝕,堅不可摧的城只剩下殘恒斷壁,在歷史的風(fēng)雨中飄搖。唐詩中的統(tǒng)萬城已是“眼見風(fēng)來沙旋轉(zhuǎn)。終年不省草生時?!?lt;/span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;"></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">唐許棠在詩作《夏州道中》寫到“茫茫沙漠廣,漸遠赫連城?!碑?dāng)代曾經(jīng)有百姓在城墻掏了窯洞,在周邊種地放牧,統(tǒng)萬城還有些人間煙火,而今,一眼眼的窯洞也都成了空洞,像是歷史老人的眼睛</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;"></span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">,見證著統(tǒng)萬城的煙云。</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">站在城墻的廢墟上,我不由得想起歷史上一座座廢墟,阿房宮,黑城子,元上都,豐州城,建城的人都想的是永固千年萬年,為此大興土木,勞民傷財,然而歷史沒有永久的勝利者。秦始皇當(dāng)年修建了萬里長城也希望自己的江山永遠牢不可破,但是萬里長城今猶在,只是不見秦始皇。明朝又是一次大規(guī)模的修筑長城,比秦始皇的長城更加宏偉壯觀,在離統(tǒng)萬城不遠的鎮(zhèn)邊臺被稱之為萬里長城第一臺,城堡入口處赫然寫著向明二字。然而大明朝亡了,當(dāng)年有人站在此處憑吊統(tǒng)萬城,清代詩人楊蘊在《鎮(zhèn)北臺春望》中寫道:關(guān)門直向大荒開,日日牛羊作市來,萬里春風(fēng)殘雪后,游人指點赫連臺。而數(shù)年以后大清也滅亡了?,F(xiàn)在的鎮(zhèn)邊臺也成了廢墟。想起一句老套的話,歷史是驚人的相似。</span></h3> <p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">統(tǒng)萬城修筑時,“臨廣澤而帶清流”,水草豐美。是中國歷史上少數(shù)民族建設(shè)的最完整、最雄偉、最堅固的都城,也是匈奴民族保存下來的唯一座城墻輪廓、眾多建筑保存完好的都城。以后湮于沙漠,歷代游人憑吊感嘆不已。</span></h3><p class="p1" style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 23px; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;.PingFang SC&quot;; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); white-space: normal; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.301961); -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: &quot;.PingFangSC-Regular&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">我們還沒來得及圍繞城墻走一遭時天色暗了下來,統(tǒng)萬城籠罩在夜幕中,有些神秘陰森,我們離開時都不忍回眸它的孤獨凄涼。它四周的楊樹林在夜色中倒像是曾經(jīng)守衛(wèi)著它的士兵。給了它一絲威嚴(yán)。夜色籠罩了一個王朝的背影,想起一位歷史學(xué)家說的話,廢墟是歷史的軀體,我想說的是,廢墟是歷史的最好教科書,不該被沙漠掩埋。</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: &quot;.SFUIDisplay&quot;; font-size: 23pt;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></h3>