<p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">今天去看由世博會(huì)博物館和英國(guó)利物浦博物館主辦的《羅馬羅馬From Olympus to Capitoline從奧林匹斯到卡皮托利》展。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">奧林匹斯：宙斯成為第三代神王,定居奧林匹斯山。</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">卡皮托利：</span>公元前6世紀(jì), 羅馬人在卡皮托利山為其建廟，該地由此成為羅馬早期的宗教中心。</p><p class="ql-block">奧林匹克與奧林匹斯沒(méi)有直接關(guān)聯(lián)。</p><p class="ql-block">奧林匹克（Olympic）：源于希臘的奧林匹亞（Olympia） 城邦，位于希臘伯羅奔尼撒半島西部，是古代奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的舉辦地，名稱(chēng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)都與當(dāng)?shù)丶漓胫嫠沟幕顒?dòng)相關(guān)，屬于希臘本土。</p><p class="ql-block">奧林匹斯（Olympus）：指希臘北部的奧林匹斯山，是古希臘神話(huà)中眾神的居所（宙斯為首的十二主神在此居?。巧裨?huà)中的“神山”，與奧林匹亞城邦相距數(shù)百公里。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">利物浦博物館是利物浦國(guó)家博物館的成員之一，也是英國(guó)最大的新建國(guó)家博物館之一。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">上海世博會(huì)博物館是國(guó)際展覽局唯一官方博物館和官方文獻(xiàn)中心，由上海市政府和國(guó)際展覽局合作共建。</p><p class="ql-block">上海市黃浦區(qū)蒙自路818號(hào)。2010年11月，上海市政府與國(guó)際展覽局簽署合作備忘錄。2017年5月1日建成并對(duì)外開(kāi)放。</p><p class="ql-block">建筑占地面積約4公頃，室內(nèi)總建筑面積為46550平方米。建筑設(shè)計(jì)主題是“世博記憶”與“城市生活”，由“歷史河谷”和“歡慶之云”兩個(gè)意象演繹，“歡慶之云”是其建筑亮點(diǎn)，由鋼與玻璃組合而成，形成獨(dú)特的空中特展區(qū)“云廳”。</p><p class="ql-block">2020年12月，被評(píng)定為第四批“國(guó)家二級(jí)博物館”；2021年1月，榮獲“第十八屆中國(guó)土木工程詹天佑獎(jiǎng)”。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">POMA</p><p class="ql-block">羅馬羅馬</p><p class="ql-block">From Olympus to Capitoline</p><p class="ql-block">從奧林匹斯到卡皮托利</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">第一章 眾神的傳說(shuō)</p><p class="ql-block">Legends of the Gods</p><p class="ql-block">羅馬神話(huà)是羅馬人認(rèn)識(shí)世界的一種方式。對(duì)神的虔誠(chéng)與敬畏,甚至被視作羅馬崛起的關(guān)鍵因素之一。讀懂羅馬神話(huà)可以幫助我們深入理解羅馬文明。</p><p class="ql-block">早期的羅馬神明只有名稱(chēng)與職能,缺乏擬人的形象,也沒(méi)有故事可言。后來(lái),羅馬人接觸到伊特魯里亞、希臘以及東方文化,尤其被體系完整、敘事生動(dòng)的希臘神話(huà)吸引,開(kāi)始將希臘諸神的名號(hào)、性情與傳說(shuō),與本土神明對(duì)應(yīng)融合。這既體現(xiàn)了羅馬對(duì)先進(jìn)希臘文化的拿來(lái)主義態(tài)度，也反映出其兼收并蓄、開(kāi)放進(jìn)取的民族氣質(zhì)。</p><p class="ql-block">務(wù)實(shí)是羅馬人的另一鮮明特質(zhì), 這一點(diǎn)在神話(huà)中同樣留下深刻烙印。希臘的神高度擬人,兼具人性光輝與弱點(diǎn);而羅馬的神在融合過(guò)程中褪去浪漫色彩,更多了一份凡間責(zé)任。人與神之間形成一種契約:人恪守敬拜儀式,神履行護(hù)佑職能,保國(guó)家安定,替民眾消災(zāi)。</p><p class="ql-block">Roman mythology was a way for the Romans to understand the world. Their piety and reverence toward the gods were even regarded as one of the key factors behind Rome's rise to greatness. Comprehending Roman mythology can help us gain a deeper understanding of Roman civilization.</p><p class="ql-block">In early Rome,the deities possessed only names and functions,lacking anthropomorphic forms and accompanying myths.Later, as the Romans came into contact with Etruscan.Greek,and Eastern cultures-particularly drawn to the well-structured and vividly narrated Greek mythology-they began to associate and merge the names attributes,and legends of the Greek gods with their own indigenous deities.This not only reflected Rome's pragmatic attitude of adopting elements from the more advanced Greek culture,but also revealed the Romans' inclusive, open-minded,and enterprising national character.</p><p class="ql-block">Pragmatism was another defining trait of the Romans,and this quality left a profound mark on their mythology as well.The Greek gods were highly anthropomorphic and embodied both human brilliance and human flaws.In contrast,as the Roman gods absorbed Greek influences.they shed much of their romantic aura and took on a stronger sense of earthly duty.Akind of covenant emerged between mortals and deities: humans observed the rites of worship with devotion,while the gods fulfilled their protective functions- safeguarding the state's stability and averting misfortune for the people.</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">神王誕生</p><p class="ql-block">THE BIRTH OF THE KING OF GODS</p><p class="ql-block">在希臘神話(huà)中,世界初始為混沌,而后有大地女神。女神孕育出第一代神王烏拉諾斯,與其結(jié)合誕下第二代神王克洛諾斯。克洛諾斯先推翻了父親的統(tǒng)治,之后又被自己的兒子宙斯打敗。宙斯成為第三代神王,定居奧林匹斯山，與兄弟波塞冬、哈迪斯分掌天空、海洋與冥界。</p><p class="ql-block">羅馬人接觸希臘文化后,察覺(jué)到宙斯與他們的主神朱庇特極為相像。朱庇特最初是羅馬神話(huà)中的“天父”,掌管風(fēng)雨雷電, 后來(lái)被賦予榮譽(yù)、正義與秩序等內(nèi)涵,成為戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利、國(guó)家安定與法律權(quán)威的守護(hù)者。公元前6世紀(jì), 羅馬人在卡皮托利山為其建廟，卡皮托利山由此成為羅馬早期的宗教中心。</p><p class="ql-block">公元前3世紀(jì)起,羅馬人逐漸將朱庇特等同于宙斯。朱庇特吸收了宙斯的形象與故事,卻仍保有羅馬神的莊重感。至公元前1世紀(jì),在眾多羅馬詩(shī)人筆下， 朱庇特已然成為兼具羅馬威嚴(yán)與希臘人性的神王。</p><p class="ql-block">In Greek mythology, the world began in chaos,from which emerged Gaia,the Earth goddess. She gave birth to the first generation of divine ruler, Uranus, and later united with him to produce the second-generation god-king Cronus. Cronus overthrew his father's reign,only to be defeated in turn by his own son, Zeus. Zeus became the third-generation king of the gods, residing on Mount Olympus, where he and his brothers-Poseidon and Hades-divided dominion over the heavens, the seas, and the underworld.</p><p class="ql-block">After coming into contact with Greek culture, the Romans noticed a striking resemblance between Zeus and their chief deity,Jupiter. Originally the "Sky Father" in Roman mythology, Jupiter presided over the heavens-ruling windrain,thunder,and lightning. Over time, he was endowed with deeper meanings of honour, justice, and order, and became the protector of military victory, national stability, and legal authority. In the 6th century BCE,the Romans built a temple dedicated to him on the Capitoline Hill, which thereafter became the religious center of early Rome.</p><p class="ql-block">Beginning in the 3rd century BCE,the Romans gradually merged Jupiter with Zeus. Jupiter absorbed the image and mythological narratives of Zeus, yet retained the solemn dignity characteristic of Roman deities.By the Ist century BCE，in the works of many Roman poets,he had evolved into a divine king who embodied both Roman majesty and Greek humanity.</p> <p class="ql-block">宙斯-朱庇特（眾神之王）</p> <p class="ql-block">赫拉-朱諾（眾神之后）</p> <p class="ql-block">雅典娜-密涅瓦（戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和智慧女神）</p> <p class="ql-block">阿波羅-阿波羅（光明之神）</p> <p class="ql-block">阿芙洛狄忒-維納斯（愛(ài)與美之神）</p> <p class="ql-block">徳墨忒爾-克瑞斯（農(nóng)業(yè)神）</p> <p class="ql-block">波塞冬-尼普頓（海神）</p> <p class="ql-block">阿瑞斯-瑪爾斯（戰(zhàn)神）</p> <p class="ql-block">赫爾墨斯-墨丘利（眾神信使）</p> <p class="ql-block">狄俄尼索斯-巴克斯（酒神）</p> <p class="ql-block">阿爾忒彌斯-狄安娜（狩獵女神）</p> <p class="ql-block">赫菲斯托斯-伏爾甘（火神、煅造神）</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">宙斯（朱庇特)雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Zeus(Jupiter),King of the gods</p><p class="ql-block">公元1-2世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">宙斯(朱庇特)是眾神之王與人類(lèi)之父,掌管天空與雷霆,象征無(wú)可抗拒的力量和正義的裁決。在古羅馬，他是國(guó)家軍事、政治和秩序的最高保護(hù)神。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像以一種對(duì)立平衡的姿態(tài)站立,左臂舉起,手中原本可能握有閃電等象征物。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">諸神歸位</p><p class="ql-block">THE PANTHEON TAKES ITS PLACE</p><p class="ql-block">公元前7至前6世紀(jì), 羅馬主要敬奉三位主神-神王朱庇特和他的妻子朱諾,以及女兒密涅瓦。</p><p class="ql-block">后來(lái)受希臘文化影響，維納斯等一些羅馬次神地位提升成為主神，主神體系隨之逐步擴(kuò)充。</p><p class="ql-block">公元前3至前2世紀(jì),羅馬神與希臘神幾乎實(shí)現(xiàn)了一一對(duì)應(yīng):朱庇特、朱諾、密涅瓦分別對(duì)應(yīng)希臘的神王宙斯、天后赫拉與智慧女神雅典娜;瑪爾斯對(duì)應(yīng)希臘戰(zhàn)神阿瑞斯;維納斯對(duì)應(yīng)希臘的愛(ài)與美之神阿芙洛狄忒,并且在羅馬的建城傳說(shuō)中作為羅馬人的祖先埃涅阿斯的母親，奠定了羅馬的神圣起源,因而備受尊崇。</p><p class="ql-block">諸神對(duì)應(yīng)后,原本只有抽象神性的羅馬神,從希臘神那里獲得了具體鮮活的擬人形象。羅馬人仿照希臘雕塑范式為眾神造像,神像的姿態(tài)、服飾與象征物成為辨識(shí)神明的重要依據(jù)。</p><p class="ql-block">然而,無(wú)論這些神像如何彰顯神明的崇高與不朽,歸根結(jié)底,諸神的世界始終與創(chuàng)造和敬奉他們的人類(lèi)世界緊密相連。</p><p class="ql-block">From the 7th to the 6th century BCE, the Romans primarily worshipped three major deities- Jupiter, king of the gods; his wife, Juno; and their daughter, Minerva. Later, under the influence of Greek culture, several secondary Roman deities such as Venus rose in prominence to join the ranks of the principal gods, gradually expanding the Roman pantheon. By the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE, Roman and Greek deities had become almost completely aligned: Jupiter, Juno,and Minerva corresponded respectively to Zeus, Hera, and Athena - the Greek king and queen of the gods and the goddess of wisdom; Mars was identified with Ares,the Greek god of war; and Venus merged with Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. In Rome's foundational myth, Venus was revered as the mother of Aeneas the ancestor of the Roman people - thus establishing Rome's divine lineage and earning her extraordinary veneration.</p><p class="ql-block">After the correlation between the deities was established,the originally abstract and impersonal Roman gods acquired vivid and concrete anthropomorphic forms from their Greek counterparts. The Romans,following the sculptural paradigms of Greece,created statues of their gods whose postures, attire, and attributes became key identifiers of each divinity. Yet, no matter how these statues exalted the gods' majesty and immortality, the realm of the deities ultimately remained inseparably intertwined with the human world that had created and worshipped them.</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">赫拉(朱諾)雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Hera(Juno), Queen of the immortals</p><p class="ql-block">公元3世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">赫拉(朱諾)是眾神之后。作為宙斯的姐姐和妻子,她掌管婚姻、生育與家庭,被女性視為美德和婚姻穩(wěn)定的象征。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像身著厚重而繁復(fù)的長(zhǎng)袍,面龐圣潔寧?kù)o,手持的石榴可能是16世紀(jì)修復(fù)時(shí)新增的,反映了當(dāng)時(shí)的審美偏好。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">ATHENA</p><p class="ql-block">雅典娜/ 密涅瓦</p><p class="ql-block">智慧/戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)/策略/工藝之神</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">雅典娜(密涅瓦)雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Athena(Minerva), Goddess of war and wisdom</p><p class="ql-block">公元1世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">雅典娜是雅典城邦的保護(hù)神。雕像刻畫(huà)的是年輕時(shí)期的她,左手原本可能持有長(zhǎng)矛,右手原本可能是她的伙伴尼姬女神或一面小盾牌。貓頭鷹為18世紀(jì)的修復(fù)品,是雅典娜的象征物,代表著智慧。人們通常通過(guò)貓頭鷹的形象來(lái)辨識(shí)雅典娜的身份。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">泛雅典娜節(jié)是古希臘雅典城邦保護(hù)神雅典娜的盛大宗教節(jié)日，包含競(jìng)技等藝術(shù)活動(dòng)。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">泛雅典娜節(jié)詩(shī)歌比賽黑繪雙耳陶罐</p><p class="ql-block">A rhapsody(poetry)competition</p><p class="ql-block">約公元前540年</p><p class="ql-block">陶器</p><p class="ql-block">陶罐一面描繪的是詩(shī)歌比賽的場(chǎng)景,另一面為持盾陶器的雅典娜。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">泛雅典娜節(jié)摔跤比賽黑繪雙耳陶罐</p><p class="ql-block">A wrestling competition, overseen by a judge</p><p class="ql-block">公元前520年后</p><p class="ql-block">陶器</p><p class="ql-block">陶罐一面描繪的是摔跤比賽的場(chǎng)景,畫(huà)面中站立在選手兩側(cè)的是裁判和教練,另一面為持盾的雅典娜。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">泛雅典娜節(jié)跑步比賽黑繪雙耳陶罐</p><p class="ql-block">A running competition</p><p class="ql-block">公元前530年</p><p class="ql-block">陶器</p><p class="ql-block">陶罐一面描繪的是賽跑場(chǎng)景,另一面為持盾的雅典娜。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">泛雅典娜節(jié)標(biāo)槍比賽黑繪雙耳陶罐</p><p class="ql-block">An athlete throwing the javelin</p><p class="ql-block">公元前515年</p><p class="ql-block">陶器</p><p class="ql-block">陶罐一面描繪的是標(biāo)槍比賽與管笛演奏的場(chǎng)景,另一面為倚盾持矛的雅典娜。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">詩(shī)歌比賽</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">摔跤比賽</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">跑步比賽</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">標(biāo)槍比賽</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">波塞冬(尼普頓)頭像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble head of Poseidon(Neptune), God of the seas</p><p class="ql-block">公元1世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">波塞冬(尼普頓)是海神。作為宙斯的哥哥,他主宰著海洋和地震,是馬匹的創(chuàng)造者和庇護(hù)神。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像發(fā)現(xiàn)于意大利蒂沃利的伊斯特別墅。巨大的額頭和突出的眉脊強(qiáng)調(diào)了海神的力量與威嚴(yán),略尖的耳朵使他看起來(lái)更像是神祗而非人類(lèi)。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">雅典娜(密涅瓦)雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Athena(Minerva),Goddess of war and wisdom</p><p class="ql-block">公元1-2世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">雅典娜(密涅瓦)是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與智慧女神。她的誕生頗具軍事色彩,一身戎裝,手持長(zhǎng)矛,唱著戰(zhàn)曲,脫胎自宙斯的頭顱。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像頭戴科林斯式頭盔,身著由獸皮制成的胸甲,盾牌上刻畫(huà)著美杜莎的頭像。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">阿爾忒彌斯(狄安娜)雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Artemis(Diana), Goddess of hunting</p><p class="ql-block">古羅馬時(shí)期</p><p class="ql-block">大理石（<span style="font-size:18px;">注:18世紀(jì)由古代碎片修復(fù))</span></p><p class="ql-block">阿爾忒彌斯(狄安娜)是狩獵女神。作為宙斯最疼愛(ài)的女兒、阿波羅的孿生姐姐,她掌管狩獵與生育,弓箭技術(shù)爐火純青,是一個(gè)敏捷的女箭手。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像背后掛著箭袋,右手彎曲,手指張開(kāi),可能曾持有弓箭。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">ARTEMIS</p><p class="ql-block">阿爾忒彌斯/狄安娜</p><p class="ql-block">月亮/狩獵/荒野/動(dòng)物之神</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">01，阿爾忒彌斯. 奧爾西亞祭祀雕像</p><p class="ql-block">公元前6-公元前4世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">鉛</p><p class="ql-block">雕像身著長(zhǎng)裙，背生雙翼，頭戴冠飾。此類(lèi)形象被認(rèn)為是狩獵女神阿爾忒彌斯的化身或女祭司。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">02，阿爾忒彌斯. 奧爾西亞祭祀花環(huán)</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">公元前6-公元前4世紀(jì)</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">鉛</span></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">03，阿爾忒彌斯. 奧爾西亞祭祀雕像</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">公元前6-公元前4世紀(jì)</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">鉛</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">雕像頭戴寬帽，右臂向前伸展，正在吹長(zhǎng)笛。</span></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">04，</span>阿爾忒彌斯. 奧爾西亞祭祀花環(huán)</p><p class="ql-block">公元前6-公元前4世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">鉛</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">05，阿爾忒彌斯. 奧爾西亞的鹿形供奉雕像</p><p class="ql-block">公元前6-公元前4世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">鉛</p><p class="ql-block">鹿被視為狩獵女神阿爾忒彌斯的圣獸。</p><p class="ql-block"><br></p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">阿波羅雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Apollo the Lizard-killer(Sauroktonos in Greek)</p><p class="ql-block">公元1世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">阿波羅是光明之神。雕像被認(rèn)為是古希臘雕塑家普拉克西特列斯的作品《蜥蜴殺手》的羅馬復(fù)制品,可能描繪的是阿波羅殺死巨蟒的故事。在羅馬神話(huà)中,阿波羅的名字和神職保持不變,但更突出其與醫(yī)學(xué)的關(guān)聯(lián)。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">APOLLO</p><p class="ql-block">阿波羅/ 阿波羅</p><p class="ql-block">光明/治愈/藝術(shù)/預(yù)言之神</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"> 眾神聚會(huì)紅繪雙耳噴口杯</p><p class="ql-block">Bell-shaped krater showing a gathering of gods</p><p class="ql-block">約公元前350年</p><p class="ql-block">陶器</p><p class="ql-block">雙耳噴口杯是一種用來(lái)調(diào)酒的器皿。杯身描繪了眾神聚會(huì)的場(chǎng)景:位于畫(huà)面中心的是阿波羅,宙斯和狄俄尼索斯分列其左右,山林精靈薩蒂爾和酒神的女性追隨者邁那得斯環(huán)繞在他們周?chē)?lt;/p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">法厄同神話(huà)浮雕石棺面板</p><p class="ql-block">Marble sarcophagus decorated with an episode from the myth of Phaethon</p><p class="ql-block">公元2世紀(jì)末</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">浮雕描繪的是法厄同懇請(qǐng)?zhí)?yáng)神赫利俄斯(或?yàn)榘⒉_)借予他太陽(yáng)車(chē)的場(chǎng)景。法厄同因無(wú)力駕馭太陽(yáng)車(chē),致使大地焦灼。</p><p class="ql-block">宙斯不得不以雷電擊毀戰(zhàn)車(chē),法厄同因此墜亡。此類(lèi)羅馬石棺多靠墻或置于壁龕放置,通常只裝飾正面及兩側(cè)。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">黑繪陶制提水罐</p><p class="ql-block">Hydria(3 handled water jug)</p><p class="ql-block">約公元前520-前510年</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">陶器</span></p><p class="ql-block">提水罐表面繪有希臘諸位神明，從左至右分別是:手持酒杯的狄俄尼索斯,頭戴頭盔、手持長(zhǎng)矛的雅典娜，手持里拉琴的阿波羅,以及與鹿相伴的阿爾忒彌斯。壺肩上繪有三名手持長(zhǎng)矛的騎士。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">阿波羅雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Apollo, God of light and music</p><p class="ql-block">公元2世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">阿波羅作為宙斯最杰出的兒子、阿爾忒彌斯的孿生弟弟,集光明、音樂(lè)、預(yù)言、醫(yī)藥等多重神職于一身，是理性與藝術(shù)的化身。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像描繪了年輕的阿波羅倚靠在飾有蛇形圖案的基座上,胸前的斜帶原本可能用于懸掛箭袋或里拉琴。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Dionysus (Bacchus), God of celebration and wine</p><p class="ql-block">公元1-2世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)是酒神和狂歡之神。他是宙斯與凡人塞墨勒結(jié)合所生,掌管著葡萄種植與釀酒的技藝。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像的左手握著一個(gè)酒杯(此部分為18世紀(jì)修復(fù))，右手環(huán)抱一根權(quán)杖。酒神的追隨者在酒神慶典上常模仿這一形象。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">DIONYSUS</p><p class="ql-block">狄俄尼索斯/巴克斯</p><p class="ql-block">美酒/戲劇/慶典/狂歡之神</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">酒神的誕生浮雕</p><p class="ql-block">Marble side panel from a sarcophagus, showing the birth of the god Dionysus</p><p class="ql-block">公元2世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">浮雕描繪的是酒神狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)誕生的場(chǎng)景:他的母親塞墨勒躺在床上奄奄一息,一旁的仙女將嬰兒狄俄尼索斯抱在懷里。左邊正準(zhǔn)備逃離現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的女子可能是天后赫拉。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)凱旋場(chǎng)景石棺</p><p class="ql-block">Marble relief from a sarcophagus, showing the triumph of the god Dionysus(Bacchus)</p><p class="ql-block">公元2世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">浮雕描繪的是狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)凱旋的場(chǎng)景:年輕的神祗在隨從簇?fù)硐铝⒂趹?zhàn)車(chē)之上，前方有薩蒂爾牽引雌獅。在羅馬，取得軍事勝利的皇帝會(huì)乘坐戰(zhàn)車(chē)游行慶祝。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">薩蒂爾向神進(jìn)獻(xiàn)場(chǎng)景浮雕</p><p class="ql-block">Marble relief of a Satyr before a herm</p><p class="ql-block">公元1-2世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">薩蒂爾是狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)的隨從。浮雕描繪的是薩蒂爾向一尊神像虔誠(chéng)獻(xiàn)祭的場(chǎng)景,神像具有山羊的特征,可能是西勒諾斯或潘神。薩蒂爾身披獸皮,左手持有牧杖,右手捧著一籃象征豐饒的蜂巢作為供品。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">酒神戲劇紅繪雙耳噴口杯(調(diào)酒杯)</p><p class="ql-block">Terracotta krater (wine mixing bowl)</p><p class="ql-block">公元前350-前325年</p><p class="ql-block">陶器</p><p class="ql-block">杯身上描繪的場(chǎng)景取材于一種名為“菲拉克斯”的滑稽劇,該劇種在公元前4世紀(jì)時(shí)曾盛行于南意大利的希臘殖民地。畫(huà)面中站立的男子是酒神狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯),他手握一只鳥(niǎo),面向一位戴著怪異面具的男演員。此類(lèi)劇目的場(chǎng)景常被描繪在杯身上,其風(fēng)貌因此得以流傳至今。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">酒神節(jié)紅繪雙耳噴口杯(調(diào)酒杯)</p><p class="ql-block">Terracotta krater (wine mixing bowl)</p><p class="ql-block">公元前425-前400年</p><p class="ql-block">陶器</p><p class="ql-block">杯身上描繪了多位酒神節(jié)狂歡者,比如持杖起舞的邁那得斯和吹著笛子的薩蒂爾等。在古希臘神話(huà)中,酒神節(jié)狂歡者指的是圍繞酒神狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)進(jìn)行慶典或祭祀的團(tuán)體。他們通過(guò)集體性的飲酒、舞蹈和狂歡來(lái)贊頌生命與自然的豐饒。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">酒神祭祀儀式紅繪雙耳噴口杯(調(diào)酒杯)</p><p class="ql-block">Terracotta krater (wine mixing bowl)</p><p class="ql-block">公元前4世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">陶器</p><p class="ql-block">杯身上描繪的場(chǎng)景可能是酒神狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)的一種秘儀:畫(huà)面中間豎立著一個(gè)祭壇,一位年輕女子右手持火炬,左手持神杖,正走向狄俄尼索斯。在狄俄尼索斯秘儀中,女信徒會(huì)離開(kāi)城鎮(zhèn),前往山中祭拜神靈。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">酒神慶典祭壇</p><p class="ql-block">Marble altar with dancing figures</p><p class="ql-block">公元前100年-公元100年</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">祭壇浮雕上描繪的是酒神狄俄尼索斯(巴克斯)的神圣慶典。畫(huà)面中的人物正翩翩起舞。兩位女性可能是邁那得斯。中間留著胡子的男子可能是酒神,他披著一張獸皮，手里拿著一根裝飾有松果或藤蔓葉子的神杖。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">阿芙洛狄忒(維納斯)雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Aphrodite (Venus), Goddess of beauty and love</p><p class="ql-block">公元前1世紀(jì)-公元1世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">阿芙洛狄忒(維納斯)是愛(ài)與美之神,也是西方藝術(shù)中美的典范。她誕生于海洋的泡沫中,被奉為航海的保護(hù)神。因其后代建立了羅馬城,她被視為羅馬民族的祖神。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像左上臂佩戴一條蛇形臂環(huán),左腿彎曲,旁邊倚靠著一只海豚。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">阿瑞斯(瑪爾斯)雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble statue of Ares(Mars), God of war</p><p class="ql-block">公元2世紀(jì)</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:18px;">大理石(注:16世紀(jì)修復(fù))</span></p><p class="ql-block">阿瑞斯(瑪爾斯)是戰(zhàn)神。他的兒子羅慕路斯是羅馬城的建立者,全體羅馬人因此將自己視為戰(zhàn)神的后裔，瑪爾斯也成為羅馬國(guó)家與民族的守護(hù)神。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像手持棍棒,頭戴裝飾精美的阿提卡頭盔,這些元素常見(jiàn)于羅馬雕塑中。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">拉奧孔頭部雕像</p><p class="ql-block">Marble head of Laocoon from a statuette</p><p class="ql-block">古羅馬時(shí)期</p><p class="ql-block">大理石</p><p class="ql-block">拉奧孔在維吉爾的《埃涅阿斯紀(jì)》中是特洛伊的祭司。他因識(shí)破希臘木馬計(jì)，觸怒在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中偏袒希臘人的波塞冬和雅典娜,被巨蟒纏繞致死。</p><p class="ql-block">雕像嘴唇微張,表情扭曲卻未失控,呈現(xiàn)出“痛苦的克制”。這件作品是古羅馬藝術(shù)家對(duì)古希臘原作的臨摹。</p> <p class="ql-block"><br></p><p class="ql-block">EROS</p><p class="ql-block">厄洛斯/丘比特</p><p class="ql-block">愛(ài)之神</p><p class="ql-block"> </p><p class="ql-block"> </p>