<p class="ql-block"> 大寒是農(nóng)歷二十四節(jié)氣中的最后一個(gè)節(jié)氣,通常在每年公歷1月20日至21日交節(jié),標(biāo)志著冬季的終章與新春的序曲。</p><p class="ql-block"> 這一節(jié)氣的核心特征是寒冷至極,此時(shí)寒潮南下頻繁,我國(guó)大部分地區(qū)呈現(xiàn)冰天雪地、天寒地凍的景象。</p> <p class="ql-block"> 大寒 (Dàhán) - Greater Cold</p><p class="ql-block"> 日期 (Date): 每年公歷1月20日至1月21日之間,當(dāng)太陽(yáng)到達(dá)黃經(jīng)300°時(shí)。</p><p class="ql-block">Annually between January 20th and 21st in the Gregorian calendar, when the sun reaches the celestial longitude of 300°</p><p class="ql-block"> 名稱(chēng)含義 (Meaning of the Name): "大"意為極致、頂點(diǎn)。"大寒"表示天氣寒冷達(dá)到一年中的頂峰,是二十四節(jié)氣中最后一個(gè)節(jié)氣,意味著冬季的結(jié)束。</p><p class="ql-block"> "大" means extreme or peak. "Dàhán" indicates that the cold weather reaches its annual zenith. It is the final solar term in the 24 Solar Terms, signifying the end of winter.</p> 大寒三候 <p class="ql-block"> <b style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">物候現(xiàn)象</b> (Phenological Phenomena): 中國(guó)古代將大寒分為三候: </p><p class="ql-block">Ancient Chinese divided Dàhán into three pentads:</p> <p class="ql-block"> <b>☆一候</b>:雞始乳 (Hens Begin to Brood): 母雞開(kāi)始孵小雞,預(yù)示著新生命的孕育。 Hens start to brood, indicating the gestation of new life.</p> <p class="ql-block"> <b>☆二候:</b>征鳥(niǎo)厲疾 (Birds of Prey Become Fierce and Swift): 鷹隼等猛禽處于捕食能力極強(qiáng)的狀態(tài),以適應(yīng)嚴(yán)酷環(huán)境。 Birds of prey like hawks become exceptionally fierce and swift in hunting to adapt to the harsh conditions.</p> <p class="ql-block"><b> ☆三候</b>:水澤腹堅(jiān) (Ice Solidifies to the Center in Waterways): 水域中的冰凍結(jié)得又厚又堅(jiān)實(shí),一直凍到水中央。 Ice in rivers and lakes becomes thick and solid, freezing all the way to the center.</p> 大寒節(jié)氣傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗 <p class="ql-block"><b style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗 (Traditional Customs):</b></p><p class="ql-block"><b> ☆尾牙祭</b> (Wěiyá Jì - Tail牙 Festival): 源于民間信仰,商家會(huì)在一年中最后一個(gè)"牙祭日"(農(nóng)歷每月初二、十六祭拜土地公)設(shè)宴,犒賞員工,祈求新年生意興隆。</p><p class="ql-block"> ·Originating from folk beliefs, businesses hold feasts on the last "Yájì Day" of the year (offerings to the Earth God on the 2nd and 16th of each lunar month) to reward employees and pray for prosperity in the new year.</p><p class="ql-block"> <b>☆辭舊迎新</b> (Cíjiù Yíngxīn - Bidding Farewell to the Old, Welcoming the New): 大寒臨近春節(jié),人們開(kāi)始掃塵潔物、除舊布新、準(zhǔn)備年貨、寫(xiě)春聯(lián),充滿辭舊迎新的節(jié)日氣氛。</p><p class="ql-block"> ·As Dàhán is close to the Spring Festival, people engage in cleaning, removing the old to make way for the new, preparing New Year's goods, and writing Spring Festival couplets, filled with the festive atmosphere of transition.</p><p class="ql-block"> <b>☆蒸臘米</b> (Zhēng Làmǐ - Steaming Laba Rice): 部分地區(qū)有蒸制糯米的習(xí)俗,寓意著生活"蒸蒸日上"。</p><p class="ql-block"> ·In some regions, there is a custom of steaming glutinous rice, symbolizing a life of "steady improvement" (蒸蒸日上).</p><p class="ql-block"> <b>☆吃消寒糕</b> (Chī Xiāohán Gāo - Eating Cold-Dispelling Cake): "消寒糕"通常指年糕,食用年糕有"年年高升"的美好寓意,同時(shí)糯米制成的糕餅也有溫散風(fēng)寒、潤(rùn)肺健脾胃的功效。</p><p class="ql-block"> "Cold-Dispelling Cake" usually refers to New Year's cake (Niángāo). Eating it carries the auspicious meaning of "rising higher each year," and the glutinous rice cake also has the effect of warming the body to dispel cold, moistening the lungs, and strengthening the spleen and stomach.</p> 大寒節(jié)氣詩(shī)詞 <p class="ql-block"><b style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">《大寒出江陵西門(mén)》——陸游</b></p><p class="ql-block">平明羸馬出西門(mén),淡日寒云久吐吞。</p><p class="ql-block">醉面沖風(fēng)驚易醒,重裘藏手取微溫。</p><p class="ql-block">紛紛狐兔投深莽,點(diǎn)點(diǎn)牛羊散遠(yuǎn)村。</p><p class="ql-block">不為山川多感慨,歲窮游子自消魂。</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">《大寒吟》——邵雍</b></p><p class="ql-block">舊雪未及消,新雪又擁戶。</p><p class="ql-block">階前凍銀床,檐頭冰鐘乳。</p><p class="ql-block">清日無(wú)光輝,烈風(fēng)正號(hào)怒。</p><p class="ql-block">人口各有舌,言語(yǔ)不能吐。</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">《和仲蒙夜坐》——文同</b></p><p class="ql-block">宿鳥(niǎo)驚飛斷雁號(hào),獨(dú)憑幽幾靜塵勞。</p><p class="ql-block">風(fēng)鳴北戶霜威重,云壓南山雪意高。</p><p class="ql-block">少睡始知茶效力,大寒須遣酒爭(zhēng)豪。</p><p class="ql-block">硯冰已合燈花老,猶對(duì)群書(shū)擁敝袍。</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">《詠廿四氣詩(shī)·大寒十二月中》——元稹</b></p><p class="ql-block">臘酒自盈樽,金爐獸炭溫。</p><p class="ql-block">大寒宜近火,無(wú)事莫開(kāi)門(mén)。</p><p class="ql-block">冬與春交替,星周月詎存?</p><p class="ql-block">明朝換新律,梅柳待陽(yáng)春。</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">《大寒步至東坡贈(zèng)巢三》——蘇軾</b></p><p class="ql-block">春雨如暗塵,春風(fēng)吹倒人。</p><p class="ql-block">東坡數(shù)間屋,巢子與誰(shuí)鄰。</p><p class="ql-block">空床斂敗絮,破灶郁生薪。</p><p class="ql-block">相對(duì)不言寒,哀哉知我貧。</p><p class="ql-block">我有一瓢酒,獨(dú)飲良不仁。</p><p class="ql-block">未能赪我頰,聊復(fù)濡子唇。</p><p class="ql-block">故人千鐘祿,馭吏醉吐茵。</p><p class="ql-block">那知我與子,坐作寒蛩呻。</p><p class="ql-block">努力莫怨天,我爾皆天民。</p><p class="ql-block">行看花柳動(dòng),共享無(wú)邊春。</p><p class="ql-block"> </p> 節(jié)氣知識(shí)導(dǎo)讀 <p class="ql-block">大寒節(jié)氣的由來(lái):</p><p class="ql-block"> 我國(guó)的二十四節(jié)氣始于立春,終于大寒,在大寒之后又會(huì)回到立春,這時(shí)開(kāi)始新的一年,又是一個(gè)輪回。所以大寒的來(lái)臨也代表了一年的結(jié)束和新的一年即將到來(lái)。</p><p class="ql-block"> 農(nóng)歷大寒節(jié)氣的由來(lái)大寒是二十四個(gè)節(jié)氣中最后一個(gè)。根據(jù)《孝經(jīng)緯》一書(shū)的記載:“小寒后十五日,斗指丑,為大寒,至此凜烈極也。”《授時(shí)通考·天時(shí)》引《三禮義宗》:“大寒為中者,上形于小寒,故謂之大,寒氣之逆極,故謂大寒。與大寒相伴而來(lái)的,是難得一見(jiàn)的南方大雪,以及這時(shí)節(jié)開(kāi)得最美好的水仙。物極必反,寒極,則春天已然不遠(yuǎn)。</p><p class="ql-block"> 人們常說(shuō)“大寒年年有,不在三九在四九”,言外之意,大寒已非常冷。實(shí)際上,大寒僅與小寒相對(duì),它們都是表征天氣寒冷程度的節(jié)氣,有的地區(qū)大寒溫度并不比小寒溫度低,這時(shí)寒潮南下頻繁,是我國(guó)大部分地區(qū)一年中的最冷時(shí)期,風(fēng)大,低溫,地面積雪不化,呈現(xiàn)出冰天雪地、天寒地凍的嚴(yán)寒景象。大寒時(shí)節(jié),我國(guó)南方大部分地區(qū)平均氣溫多為6℃至8℃,比小寒高出近1℃。大寒是一年中雨水最少的時(shí)段。常年大寒節(jié)氣,我國(guó)南方大部分地區(qū)雨量?jī)H較前期略有增加。華南大部分地區(qū)為5至10毫米,西北高原山地一般只有1至5毫米。 </p> <p class="ql-block"> 過(guò)了大寒又立春,即迎來(lái)新一年的節(jié)氣輪回。年節(jié)恰在立春前后,大寒一到年味漸濃。大寒節(jié)氣往往與歲末時(shí)間相重合,期間的一些民俗多了些辭舊迎新的意味。這節(jié)氣期間,人們開(kāi)始忙著除舊飾新,腌制臘味年肴,準(zhǔn)備年貨,因?yàn)橹袊?guó)人最重要的節(jié)日——春節(jié)就要到了。</p> <p class="ql-block"> 大寒,是終點(diǎn),也是起點(diǎn)。它承載著整個(gè)冬日的積淀,站在四季輪回的交接點(diǎn)上。寒冷雖烈,但我們已經(jīng)能隱約聽(tīng)見(jiàn)春天的腳步。正如俗語(yǔ)所說(shuō):"大寒到頂點(diǎn),日后天漸暖。" 讓我們?cè)跉q末的嚴(yán)寒中,懷揣溫暖,靜候春歸。</p><p class="ql-block"> Dàhán is an endpoint and also a starting point. It carries the accumulation of the entire winter, standing at the transition point of the four seasons' cycle. Although the cold is intense, we can already faintly hear the footsteps of spring. As the saying goes, "When the Greater Cold reaches its peak, the days gradually warm thereafter." Let us hold warmth in our hearts amidst the year-end's severe cold, quietly awaiting the return of spring. </p> <p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">文稿:教導(dǎo)處</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">初審:張程</span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="color:rgb(176, 79, 187);">終審:封淑惠</span></p>