<p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:22px;"> 尊師</b></p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:22px;">? Respect for teachers</b></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;"><u>? 【原文】三曰：神農(nóng)師悉諸，黃帝師大撓，帝顓頊師伯夷父，帝嚳師伯招，帝堯師子州支父，帝舜師許由，禹師大成贄，湯師小臣，文王、武王師呂望、周公旦，齊桓公師管夷吾，晉文公師咎犯、隨會，秦穆公師百里奚、公孫枝，楚莊王師孫叔敖、沈尹巫，吳王闔閭師伍子胥、文之儀，越王句踐師范蠡、大夫種。此十圣人、六賢者未有不尊師者也。今尊不至于帝，智不至于圣，而欲無尊師，奚由至哉？此五帝之所以絕，三代之所以滅。</u></b></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:20px;">? </span></p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:20px;">? 【白話文】 神農(nóng)以悉諸為師，黃帝以大撓為師，帝顓頊以伯夷父為師，帝嚳以伯招為師，帝堯以子州生父為師，帝舜以許由為師，禹以大成贄為師，湯以小臣伊尹為師，文王、武王以呂望、周公旦為師，齊桓公以管夷吾為師，晉文公以咎犯、隨會為師，秦穆公以百里奚、公孫枝為師，楚莊王以孫叔敖、沈尹巫為師，吳王闔閭以伍子胥、文之倪為師，越王勾踐以范蠡、文種為師。這十位圣人、六位賢者沒有不尊重老師的。如今，人們地位沒有達到帝那樣尊貴，才智沒有達到圣明的境界，卻想耍不尊奉老師，這怎么能達到帝、達到圣的境地呢？這正是五帝之所以廢絕，三代之所以不可再現(xiàn)的原因。</span></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;">? Shennong took Xizhu as his teacher; the Yellow Emperor took Da Nao as his teacher; Emperor Zhuanxu took Boyi Fu as his teacher; Emperor Ku took Bo Zhao as his teacher; Emperor Yao took Zizhou Shengfu as his teacher; Emperor Shun took Xu You as his teacher; Yu took Dacheng Zhi as his teacher; Tang took Xiaochen Yi Yin as his teacher; King Wen and King Wu took Lü Wang and Zhou Gongdan as their teachers; Duke Huan of Qi took Guan Zhong as his teacher; Duke Wen of Jin took Jiu Fan and Sui Hui as his teachers; Duke Mu of Qin took Baili Xi and Gongsun Zhi as his teachers; King Zhuang of Chu took Sun Shu'ao and Shen Yinwu as his teachers; King Helü of Wu took Wu Zixu and Wen Zhini as his teachers; and King Goujian of Yue took Fan Li and Wen Zhong as his teachers. These ten sages and six wise men all respected their teachers. Today, people, whose status is not as noble as emperors and whose wisdom is not as enlightened as sages, want to disrespect their teachers. How can they reach the level of emperors or sages? This is precisely why the Five Emperors disappeared and the Three Dynasties could not be repeated.</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;"><u> 【原文】 且天生人也，而使其耳可以聞，不學，其聞不若聾；使其目可以見，不學，其見不若盲；使其口可以言，不學，其言不若爽；使其心可以知，不學，其知不若狂。故凡學，非能益也，達天性也。能全天之所生而勿敗之，是謂善學。</u></b></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:20px;">? 【白話文】 況且，天造就人，使人的耳朵可以聽見，如果不學習，耳有所聞反不如耳聾聽不見好，使人的眼睛可以看見，如果不學習，目有所見還不如眼瞎看不見好。使人的口可以說話，如果不學習，口有所言反不如口有病說不出話好。使人的心可以認知事物，如果不學習，心有所知反不如狂亂無知好。因此，凡學習，并不是能給人另增加什么，而是使人通達天性。只要能夠保全天賦予的人性而不使它受到傷害，這就叫作善于學習。</span></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;">? Moreover, Heaven created man to have ears to hear; if one does not learn, it is better to be deaf than to hear. It also created eyes to see; if one does not learn, it is better to be blind than to see. It created mouths to speak; if one does not learn, it is better to be mute than to speak. It created minds to understand things; if one does not learn, it is better to be ignorant than to know. Therefore, learning does not add anything new to a person, but rather enables them to understand their natural disposition. As long as one can preserve the human nature bestowed upon them by Heaven without harming it, this is called being good at learning.</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;"><u> 【原文】子張，魯之鄙家也；顏涿聚，梁父之大盜也；學于孔子。段干木，晉國之大駔也，學于子夏。高何、縣子石，齊國之暴者也，指于鄉(xiāng)曲，學于子墨子。索盧參，東方之鉅狡也，學于禽滑黎。此六人者，刑戮死辱之人也。今非徒免于刑戮死辱也，由此為天下名士顯人，以終其壽，王公大人從而禮之，此得之于學也。</u></b></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:20px;">? 【白話文】子張本是魯國的鄙俗小人，顏涿聚本是粱父山上的大盜，他們求學千孔于。段干木本是晉國市場上的大牙儈，求學于子夏。商何、縣子石本是齊國的兇惡殘暴的人，被鄉(xiāng)里所斥逐，求學于墨子。索盧參本是東方有名的狡詐之人，求學予禽滑黎。這六個人本是該受到刑罰、殺戮，蒙受恥辱的人。如今，由于從師學習，他們不僅免予刑罰、殺戮、恥辱，而且成為天下的知名之士、顯達之人，得以終其天年，王公大人因此對他們以禮相待，這些都是得力于學習啊。</span></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;">? Zi Zhang was originally a vulgar and petty man from the State of Lu; Yan Zhuoju was originally a notorious bandit from Liangfu Mountain; both sought to study under Qian Kongyu. Duan Ganmu was originally a high-ranking broker in the market of the State of Jin; he sought to study under Zixia. Shang He and Xian Zishi were originally vicious and cruel men from the State of Qi, ostracized by their villages; they sought to study under Mozi. Suo Lucan was originally a notoriously cunning man from the East; he sought to study under Qin Huali. These six men should have been punished, killed, and disgraced. Now, because of their studies, they not only escaped punishment, killing, and disgrace, but also became renowned and prominent figures throughout the land, able to live out their natural lifespans. Kings and nobles treated them with respect because of this; all of this was thanks to their studies.</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;"><u> 【原文】凡學，必務進業(yè)，心則無營。疾諷誦，謹司聞，觀歡愉，問書意，順耳目，不逆志，退思慮，求所謂，時辨說，以論道，不茍辨，必中法，得之無矜，失之無慚，必反其本。</u></b></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:20px;">? 【白話文】凡學習，一定務求增進學業(yè)，這樣心中就沒有疑惑了。要努力誦習，小心等侯機會聆聽教誨，看到老師歡悅的時候，請教書中的意旨，要順適老師的耳目，不違背老師的心意，回來認真思考，探求老師所說的道理，要時時研討分析，以求闡明老師所闡明的道理，不茍且巧辯，一定要合乎法度，有所得不要自夸，有所失不要慚愧，一定要回到自己的本性上來。</span></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;">? In all learning, one must strive to improve one's studies, so that there will be no doubts in one's heart. One should diligently recite and carefully await the opportunity to listen to teachings. When one sees the teacher's joy, one should ask about the meaning of the book. One should be pleasing to the teacher's ears and eyes, and not go against the teacher's wishes. After returning, one should seriously think about and explore the reasons the teacher has given. One should constantly study and analyze in order to clarify the reasons the teacher has explained. One should not be perfunctory or sophistical, but must conform to the rules. One should not boast when one gains something, nor feel ashamed when one loses something. One must always return to one's true nature.</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;"><u> 【原文】生則謹養(yǎng)，謹養(yǎng)之道，養(yǎng)心為貴；死則敬祭，敬祭之術，時節(jié)為務。此所以尊師也。治唐圃，疾灌浸，務種樹；織葩屨，結罝網(wǎng)，捆蒲葦；之田野，力耕耘，事五谷；如山林，入川澤，取魚鱉，求鳥獸。此所以尊師也。視輿馬，慎駕御；適衣服，務輕暖；臨飲食，必蠲潔；善調和，務甘肥；必恭敬，和顏色，審辭令；疾趨翔，必嚴肅。此所以尊師也。</u></b></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:20px;">? 【白話文】老師活著的時候，要小心奉養(yǎng)，小心奉養(yǎng)的方法以使老師歡娛為貴，老師死了要恭敬祭祀，恭敬祭祀的原則以合于四時之節(jié)為要，這是尊重老師的做法。為老師修整園地，努力灌溉，積極種植，織麻鞋，結獸網(wǎng)，編蒲葦，走到田野，努力耕耘，種植五各，走進山林，進人川澤，捕捉魚鱉，獵取鳥獸，這是尊重老師的做法。為老師察看車馬，小心駕馭，使衣服適宜，務求輕暖。備辦飲食，一定清潔，好好調和五味，務求甘甜肥美，一定恭恭敬敬，和顏悅色，言辭審慎，力求行步快慢有節(jié)，一定恭敬莊重。這是尊重老師的做法。</span></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;">? While the teacher is alive, we should carefully care for them, prioritizing their happiness. After their death, we should respectfully offer sacrifices, ensuring these sacrifices are performed in accordance with the seasons. This is how we show respect. We should tend the garden for the teacher, diligently irrigating and planting; weave hemp shoes, make animal nets, and weave reeds; we should go to the fields, diligently cultivate the land, planting the five grains; we should venture into the mountains and forests, into the rivers and lakes, catching fish and turtles, and hunting birds and beasts. This is how we show respect. We should inspect the teacher's carriage and horses, carefully driving them, ensuring their clothing is appropriate, light, and warm. We should prepare their food, ensuring it is clean, well-balanced, and delicious, always with utmost respect, a gentle demeanor, and careful speech. We should strive for a measured pace, always with reverence and solemnity. This is how we show respect.</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;"><u> 【原文】君子之學也，說義必稱師以論道，聽從必盡力以光明。聽從不盡力，命之曰背；說義不稱師，命之曰叛。背叛之人，賢主弗內(nèi)之于朝，君子不與交友。</u></b></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:20px;">? 【白話文】君子學習，談論道理一定稱引老師的話來闡明道義，聽從教誨一定盡心竭力擊發(fā)揚光大。聽從教誨而不盡心竭力去發(fā)揚它，這種行為叫作“背”，談論道理而不稱引老師的話去闡明它，這種行為叫作“叛”。有背叛行為的人，賢明的君主不接納他們在朝為臣，君子不跟他們交往為友。</span></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;">? A virtuous person, when learning and discussing principles, always cites their teacher's words to elucidate morality; when listening to instruction, they wholeheartedly strive to learn and carry it forward. To listen to instruction without wholeheartedly striving to carry it forward is called "betrayal"; to discuss principles without citing the teacher's words to elucidate them is called "rebellion." Wise rulers will not accept those who commit rebellious acts as their ministers, and virtuous people will not associate with them as friends.</b></p> <p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;"><u> 【原文】故教也者，義之大者也；學也者，知之盛者也。義之大者，莫大于利人，利人莫大于教；知之盛者，莫大于成身，成身莫大于學。身成則為人子弗使而孝矣，為人臣弗令而忠矣，為人君弗強而平矣，有大勢可以為天下正矣。故子貢問孔子曰：“后世將何以稱夫子？” 孔子曰：“吾何足以稱哉？勿已者，則好學而不厭，好教而不倦，其惟此邪！” 天子入太廟祭先圣，則齒嘗為師者弗臣，所以見敬學與尊師也。</u></b></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><span style="font-size:20px;">? 【白話文】因此，教育人是一件非常仁義的事，學習是一件非常聰明的事。仁義的事沒有比給人帶來利益更大的了，而給人帶來利益最大的，沒有什么能超過教育人了。聰明的事沒有比修養(yǎng)身心更大的了，而修養(yǎng)身心最重要的，沒有什么能超過學習。如果自身的修養(yǎng)完成了，那么，作兒子的不用支使就孝順了，作臣下的不用命令就忠誠了，作君主的不用勉強就公正了，其中形勢最有利的就可以作天下的君主了。所以，子貢問孔子說：“后代將用什么話稱道您呢?”孔子說：“我哪里值得稱道呢?如果一定要說的話，那就是喜好學習而不滿足，勤于教誨而不疲倦，大概僅此而已！”天子進人明堂祭祀先代圣人，與曾經(jīng)怍過自己老師的人并排站立，不把他們作臣子看待，這是用以顯示敬重學習和尊重老師??！</span></p><p class="ql-block">?</p><p class="ql-block"><b style="font-size:20px;">? Therefore, educating people is a very benevolent act, and learning is a very wise act. There is no greater benevolent act than bringing benefit to people, and nothing brings greater benefit than educating people. There is no greater wise act than cultivating one's mind and body, and nothing is more important in cultivating one's mind and body than learning. If one's self-cultivation is complete, then sons will be filial without being asked, subjects will be loyal without being commanded, and rulers will be just without being forced. The one with the most advantageous position can become the ruler of the world. Therefore, Zigong asked Confucius, "What will future generations say about you?" Confucius said, "What is there to praise me for? If I must say something, it is that I loved learning without being satisfied, and I was diligent in teaching without being weary. That is probably all!" When the emperor enters the Mingtang to worship the sages of the past, he stands alongside those who have wronged his teachers, not treating them as subjects. This is to show respect for learning and teachers!</b></p>